OCPP 1.6 vs OCPP 2.0: A Detailed Comparison for EV Chargers

Introduction

Electric vehicle (EV) charging stations rely on robust communication protocols to connect charging hardware (the EV chargers) with back-end management systems. The Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) has emerged as the de facto standard for this communication, enabling interoperability across different manufacturers and networks. Among OCPP versions, OCPP 1.6 laid the groundwork for modern EV charging networks and is currently the most widely implemented version worldwide. Its newer counterpart, OCPP 2.0 (more precisely OCPP 2.0.1, the 2020 revision), represents a significant leap forward with advanced features to address the growing complexity of EV infrastructure . This article provides an in-depth comparison of OCPP 1.6 and OCPP 2.0, targeting EV charger manufacturers and businesses operating charging stations, with thoroughly researched, credible information for accuracy and reliability.

Both OCPP 1.6 (released in 2015) and OCPP 2.0.1 (released in 2020) serve the same fundamental purpose: enabling communication between an EV charging station and a central management system. However, they differ significantly in capabilities and design. OCPP 1.6 is widely regarded as the stable workhorse with broad compatibility, while OCPP 2.0.1 is a next-generation protocol introducing features for a more complex EV charging ecosystem (advanced smart charging, device management, “Plug & Charge” via ISO 15118, enhanced security, etc.). Notably, OCPP 2.0.1 is not backward compatible with 1.6 due to its overhauled structure, meaning a conscious migration is required to leverage its benefits.

Overview of OCPP 1.6 and OCPP 2.0

Before diving into one-to-one comparisons, let’s briefly summarize each protocol version.

OCPP 1.6 at a Glance

OCPP 1.6 was released by the Open Charge Alliance (OCA) in 2015 and quickly became widely adopted across the EV charging industry. It built upon earlier OCPP versions by introducing several important features for charge point operators:

Dual Protocol Support (SOAP & JSON): Allowed communication via SOAP/XML or JSON/WebSockets. The JSON option (OCPP 1.6J) became the standard due to lower overhead and easier integration.
Basic Smart Charging: Introduced load balancing and charging profiles to control charging power and schedules.
Local Authorization Lists: Allowed storing authorized users on the charger for offline operation and later synchronization.
Remote Monitoring & Control: Added new messages (e.g., Trigger Message for on-demand status updates and more status notifications. Also enabled remote firmware updates and diagnostics logs retrieval.
Interoperability: Achieved global adoption as a common language between chargers and back-end systems, ensuring multi-vendor compatibility.

With these capabilities, OCPP 1.6 provided a stable foundation for EV charging infrastructure through the late 2010s. It covers all the basic operations – starting/stopping sessions, user authentication, metering, etc. – in an open, vendor-neutral way.

OCPP 2.0 (2.0.1) at a Glance

OCPP 2.0 made its debut in 2018, with a refined version OCPP 2.0.1 released in 2020 to incorporate community feedback. This iteration is a major overhaul rather than an incremental update – OCPP 2.0.1 is not backward compatible with OCPP 1.x. Key highlights of OCPP 2.0/2.0.1 include:

Hierarchical Device Model: Introduced a structured device hierarchy (Station > EVSE > Connector) for better multi-connector station support .
Enhanced Smart Charging: Supports dynamic, real-time adjustment of charging profiles (vs static profiles in 1.6), including recurring schedules and more advanced load management.
Unified Messaging: Streamlined message patterns. E.g., start/stop transaction messages and meter readings are consolidated into a single TransactionEvent message in 2.0, reducing overhead and simplifying session tracking.
Stronger Security: Defines multiple security profiles with mandatory TLS encryption and support for mutual certificate-based authentication (a major improvement over 1.6’s simple password auth).
Extended Features: Adds new capabilities like support for ISO 15118 (Plug & Charge) and V2G energy transfer, advanced device management, display messages, and other functions requested by the industry.
Modular Structure: Organized into a Core profile plus optional profiles (e.g., for advanced security, smart charging, device management, etc.), so implementations can be tailored while remaining compliant.

With these improvements, OCPP 2.0.1 is poised to become the new industry standard, providing the flexibility, security, and scalability required for the 2020s and beyond. (In fact, it was approved as an official IEC international standard in 2024, reflecting its maturity) In essence, OCPP 2.0.1 was designed to address the needs of a smarter and more secure EV charging ecosystem.

Next, we compare OCPP 1.6 vs OCPP 2.0 in detail across technical aspects, performance, security, and real-world considerations.

Key Differences Between OCPP 1.6 and OCPP 2.0

To summarize upfront, the table below highlights core differences between OCPP 1.6 and OCPP 2.0.1 in terms of features and capabilities:

Aspect	OCPP 1.6 (2015)	OCPP 2.0.1 (2020)
Transport & Format	SOAP (XML) or JSON over WebSocket (OCPP 1.6J). JSON is most commonly used for its efficiency.	JSON over WebSocket only (no SOAP support). Supports WebSocket compression for efficiency on high-traffic networks.
Device Model	No formal hierarchy – each connector is an independent element; limited ability to model multi-connector stations.	Hierarchical device model: Station with one or more EVSEs, each managing connectors . Facilitates multi-port and modular station configurations.
Message Structure	Separate messages for start/stop transactions, meter values, etc. Simpler structure but can be chatty for large networks.	Unified and extended messages (e.g., TransactionEvent encapsulates start/stop updates . More efficient with reduced redundancy.
Smart Charging	Static smart charging profiles (TxProfile, etc.) for load balancing . Profiles set limits but cannot adapt dynamically once sent.	Dynamic smart charging with real-time profile updates. Supports recurring schedules and adaptive load management. Integrates with energy price signals and grid conditions.
ISO 15118 / Plug&Charge	Not supported natively. No mechanism for handling EV digital certificates or automatic EV authentication.	Supported (optional profile). Exchange of certificates and Plug & Charge workflows are built-in, enabling automatic EV authentication and billing.
V2G (Bi-directional Charging)	Not supported – designed for unidirectional charging only.	Supported (optional) – can handle bi-directional energy transfer (vehicle-to-grid) in coordination with ISO 15118-20 messages.
Security	Basic TLS encryption if used; authentication via simple username/password . No native certificate auth; relies on network security layers.	Multi-tier security profiles : Mandatory TLS encryption (TLS 1.2+), with optional mutual authentication using X.509 certificates. Built-in certificate management for secure onboarding, firmware signing, etc.
Firmware Updates & Diagnostics	Supports remote firmware update trigger and log upload, but limited feedback (only final success/fail). Basic diagnostics retrieval.	Enhanced firmware management: secure download (HTTPS) with signature verification. Real-time update status notifications (progress, success/failure) via FirmwareStatusNotification Extensive device management (get/set parameters, component monitoring) for easier O&M.
Backwards Compatibility	Backward compatible with OCPP 1.5; many 1.5 features carried into 1.6 with minor improvements. 1.6 can coexist with older versions easily.	Not backward compatible with 1.x. Requires updated systems on both charger and backend – 2.0 chargers cannot talk to 1.6 backends and vice versa, necessitating parallel support during transition.
Market Adoption	Became the de facto standard in late 2010s; tens of thousands of charging points worldwide use OCPP 1.6J. Supported by virtually all major EV charger manufacturers and networks as of mid-2025.	Emerging adoption. Early deployments started ~2020-2021; by 2025, a growing number of new chargers and networks support OCPP 2.0.1. Certification programs launched to ensure compliance ([EV Connect Announces OCPP 2.0.1 Certification

Table: High-level comparison of OCPP 1.6 vs OCPP 2.0.1.

Below, we delve into each area to understand what these differences mean for EV charger operation and development.

Communication Protocol and Data Format

One fundamental difference between OCPP 1.6 and OCPP 2.0 is how they structure and transport messages between the charging station and the central system:

OCPP 1.6 supports two communication bindings:
- SOAP/HTTP (XML) – the original OCPP method from earlier versions.
- JSON over WebSocket – introduced in OCPP 1.6 (the 1.6J variant). JSON is a much lighter-weight format, and WebSockets provide persistent, bidirectional communication. In practice, JSON/WebSocket greatly reduces message overhead and is easier to work with, so nearly all OCPP 1.6 implementations today use OCPP 1.6J (). Notably, in SOAP mode a 1.6 charger would periodically have to poll the central system for new commands, whereas with a WebSocket connection (as in OCPP 1.6J and OCPP 2.0) the server can push instructions instantly to the charger.
OCPP 2.0 uses a single communication mechanism:
- JSON over WebSocket only. The SOAP/XML option was removed entirely in 2.0, streamlining implementations since developers no longer need to support two protocols. All messages are JSON-encoded and exchanged over a persistent WebSocket (usually secured via TLS). This streamlines implementations and ensures consistent real-time communication. Additionally, OCPP 2.0 adds support for WebSocket compression, meaning message data can be compressed in transit. This is especially useful for high-traffic sites or cellular-connected stations, as it further reduces data usage without losing information.

In summary, OCPP 1.6 and 2.0 both leverage modern web technologies in practice (thanks to 1.6J), but OCPP 2.0 is purely built on a modern WebSocket/JSON foundation. The persistent connection of WebSocket also means lower latency for commands compared to the older HTTP polling approach. For EV charger manufacturers, this means one less mode to implement, and for network operators it means more efficient use of network bandwidth.

Device Model and Hierarchy

Another major evolution from OCPP 1.6 to OCPP 2.0 is how the protocol models the components of a charging station (connectors, EVSEs, etc.):

OCPP 1.6 – Connector-Centric: OCPP 1.6 takes a connector-centric approach, with each physical outlet on a charger largely treated as an independent endpoint. There is no explicit concept of an EVSE grouping connectors in the protocol. This works for simple cases, but it has limitations representing complex stations. For example, a dual-plug charger in OCPP 1.6 would report two separate connectors but has no standardized way to indicate that those connectors share the same power supply or cannot charge two cars simultaneously. This flat structure makes it harder to model scenarios like a charger with load-sharing between connectors or a battery swapping system.
OCPP 2.0 – Hierarchical Model: OCPP 2.0 introduces a clear device hierarchy. At the top is the Charging Station (the whole unit). Under it are one or more EVSE units – each EVSE can manage one charging session at a time. Each EVSE in turn can have one or more Connectors (physical ports). This means a multi-port charger can be represented as one station with multiple EVSEs or connectors as appropriate. The central system now understands the relationships: it knows whether two connectors are truly independent or part of the same logical EVSE. This hierarchy lets OCPP 2.0 naturally handle multi-connector and multi-unit configurations that OCPP 1.6 struggled with. A network operator can query a station for all its EVSEs and connectors, set parameters on a specific EVSE, etc., allowing more precise control. This was a significant limitation in OCPP 1.6 for representing multi-port fast chargers or complex systems; OCPP 2.0’s model was developed to overcome that.

In short, OCPP 1.6 treats each connector independently, whereas OCPP 2.0 treats the charger as a system of components. This improvement in OCPP 2.0 leads to better management of stations with multiple outlets or modules, aligning the protocol with the reality of modern hardware.

Smart Charging Capabilities

Smart charging refers to adjusting charging power or timing based on schedules, demand, or external signals. Both OCPP 1.6 and 2.0 support smart charging, but the flexibility and intelligence of these features have improved significantly in OCPP 2.0.

OCPP 1.6 Smart Charging: Version 1.6 introduced basic smart charging through the use of predefined charging profiles. These profiles let the central system set limits or schedules for charging. For instance, an operator can send a profile to a station to cap its output at certain times (load balancing across multiple EVs or managing site power usage). However, these profiles are relatively static – once a profile is in place, the charger will follow that set schedule or limit until told otherwise. OCPP 1.6 defined profile types such as per-transaction profiles and overall station limits, which cover common scenarios (like evening out load or preventing overloads), but it does not allow real-time modifications based on sudden changes. For instance, under OCPP 1.6 a charging station could be set to limit charging during peak grid hours, but it cannot automatically adjust if conditions change in real time.
OCPP 2.0 Smart Charging: OCPP 2.0 takes smart charging to the next level with dynamic control. The central system can modify a station’s charging profiles on the fly in response to real-time conditions. If the grid operator sends a demand response signal or if local solar generation rises, the CSMS (central system management software) can update charging limits in real time and the station will adjust immediately. OCPP 2.0 also supports recurring schedules (e.g. weekday vs weekend patterns pre-configured) and deeper integration with vehicle communication (via ISO 15118) to enable features like the car communicating its needs. In practice, this means far more flexibility. For example, with OCPP 2.0, the CSMS could raise or lower charging power minute-by-minute based on live data – such as pausing charging when a building’s demand spikes, or increasing it when surplus solar energy is available. OCPP 2.0 also introduces new message types like GetCompositeSchedule to help operators forecast and manage total load across a charging station or site.

In short, OCPP 1.6’s smart charging is preset and static, suitable for basic load balancing, whereas OCPP 2.0 allows dynamic, adaptive smart charging with fine-grained control. This is crucial for optimized energy management in complex scenarios (fleet depots, solar-equipped sites, V2G programs, etc.).

Message Handling and Communication

OCPP is a message-based protocol – the station and central system exchange various message types (JSON payloads or SOAP calls in 1.6) to perform actions. The structure and frequency of these messages differ between 1.6 and 2.0, affecting efficiency and clarity.

OCPP 1.6 Messaging: In OCPP 1.6, many actions and events use separate message pairs. For example, when a car starts charging, the charger sends a StartTransaction message; when it stops, it sends a StopTransaction. Periodically during charging, it may send MeterValues with updated energy readings. Additionally, changes in charger status (available, occupied, faulted, etc.) are reported via StatusNotification messages. This granular approach works fine, but it means a lot of individual messages. A single charging session might generate numerous messages that the backend has to piece together. The central system must correlate Start/Stop transaction messages with meter readings to get the full picture of a session. There’s also some duplication of information across messages.
OCPP 2.0 Messaging: OCPP 2.0 streamlines many related events into unified messages. A prime example is the new TransactionEvent message. Instead of separate start, update, and stop messages for a charging session, the station sends a TransactionEvent with an eventType field (e.g. Started, Updated, Ended). All the relevant info – timestamps, meter values, session IDs, reasons for stopping, etc. – can be included in that one message. This drastically reduces the number of distinct message types and simplifies the backend logic. Fewer messages on the wire also means less bandwidth usage and lower chances of message congestion. OCPP 2.0 introduces other combined or new messages to reduce chatter and improve clarity. It also supports features like transport-level pings to keep the connection alive and optional message compression, further improving communication efficiency. In high-traffic networks, these changes reduce bandwidth use and backend processing overhead.

Overall, OCPP 2.0’s messaging is more efficient and consolidated compared to OCPP 1.6’s more verbose, multi-message sequences. For developers, this means less juggling of different message types for one logical event. For network performance, it means fewer packets sent, which is beneficial especially when hundreds of stations report simultaneously.

Enhanced Security

Cybersecurity is a major differentiator between OCPP 1.6 and OCPP 2.0. As EV charging becomes critical infrastructure (handling financial transactions and grid energy), security enhancements were a key driver for OCPP 2.0’s development.

OCPP 1.6 Security: OCPP 1.6 provides basic transport security. Typically, an OCPP 1.6J implementation will run over TLS (HTTPS/WSS) for encryption, and use HTTP Basic Authentication or a similar mechanism for the station to authenticate to the server (a username/password or token configured in the charger). There is no support for exchanging or managing certificates in the OCPP 1.6 protocol itself; mutual authentication (verifying the charger’s identity) isn’t standardized by OCPP 1.6. Essentially, security in OCPP 1.6 is left to how you set up the network – e.g. VPNs, firewalls, and trusting that only authorized devices connect. If someone obtained the credentials of a charger, they could potentially impersonate it, since there’s no certificate check at the protocol level.
OCPP 2.0 Security: OCPP 2.0.1 builds in a multi-layer security model. It mandates TLS 1.2+ encryption for all communications (no more unencrypted OCPP), and it introduces formal security profiles for authentication. In the highest security profile (Profile 3), the charging station and central system perform mutual authentication using X.509 digital certificates – basically, the charger presents a client certificate to prove its identity, and the server presents its certificate, so both sides verify each other. This is akin to how secure web services or VPNs authenticate devices, and it prevents unauthorized chargers from even connecting. OCPP 2.0.1 also adds a full suite of certificate management messages: the central system can remotely install or update certificates in the charger, request a signing of a certificate, etc. This makes it feasible to manage a large fleet of chargers’ credentials centrally. Furthermore, critical operations like firmware updates are secured with digital signatures (the charger will verify the firmware package signature before applying it) and the protocol provides status notifications to track the update process. Together, these features make OCPP 2.0.1 compliant with modern cybersecurity standards for IoT and critical infrastructure, whereas OCPP 1.6 would require additional external security measures to reach a similar level of trust.

For charge point operators, the enhanced security of OCPP 2.0.1 means greater assurance against spoofing or tampering, and easier compliance with regulations. For manufacturers, it means implementing a PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) for devices – an upfront effort, but one that greatly improves trust and safety in the ecosystem.

Performance and Scalability

Both OCPP versions are suitable for real-time operation of charging stations, but there are differences in efficiency and scalability for large deployments:

Network Efficiency: OCPP 1.6J is already fairly efficient in network usage, and that helped its widespread adoption. OCPP 2.0, however, offers further optimizations for high-volume deployments. By consolidating messages and enabling WebSocket compression, OCPP 2.0 reduces bandwidth usage for busy stations. This can lower data costs and improve responsiveness, especially for cellular-connected chargers or congested networks where every byte matters. In a scenario with hundreds of stations sending frequent updates, OCPP 2.0’s leaner messaging can significantly cut down on server load and network traffic compared to 1.6.

System Load: On the flip side, OCPP 2.0’s advanced features make the software more complex and slightly heavier. It typically requires more processing power and memory on the charger (to handle the larger variety of messages, certificate checks, etc.) and more sophisticated logic on the backend. Some older charge points with very limited hardware might not support an upgrade to OCPP 2.0 without hardware changes (). This means certain legacy stations will remain on 1.6. However, any modern charger hardware is generally capable of running OCPP 2.0.1 without issues – the protocol was designed with contemporary embedded systems in mind. The trade-off is that OCPP 2.0 brings more capabilities at the cost of a slightly larger footprint.

Scalability: In a new deployment with current-generation equipment, OCPP 2.0.1 is designed to scale more gracefully as the network grows in size and functionality. The hierarchical device model means a backend can manage complex stations more systematically. The streamlined messages mean adding more stations increases traffic more linearly (with fewer extraneous communications). Additionally, the standardized new features reduce the need for custom solutions when scaling up – for example, a large operator can use OCPP 2.0’s built-in device management for all stations instead of dealing with vendor-specific extensions that were needed under 1.6.

In summary, OCPP 1.6 is efficient and proven for today’s typical deployments, but OCPP 2.0.1 is designed with future scalability in mind. Small installations may not see much performance difference, but large networks and advanced use cases will benefit from OCPP 2.0’s optimizations and more structured approach.

Other Notable Improvements in OCPP 2.0.1

Aside from the major differences outlined above, OCPP 2.0.1 includes numerous smaller enhancements that address limitations of 1.6. For example, it defines standardized messages for controlling a charging station’s display (to show custom text, pricing, or notifications to users) and for more flexible reservation of charging stations (allowing future time slots to be reserved with clearer states). It also adds remote control functions like unlocking a connector (to remotely release a stuck charging cable) and enhanced status diagnostics. OCPP 2.0.1’s Advanced Device Management profile allows fine-grained monitoring and configuration of station components (sensors, power modules, LED indicators, etc.), which in OCPP 1.6 could only be done in a limited way. Many features that previously required vendor-specific extensions in 1.6 are now part of the standard in 2.0.1, making them available across different charger brands. These improvements make it easier to operate and maintain EV charging stations, as operators have a richer set of standardized tools at their disposal in OCPP 2.0.1.

Market Adoption and Future Outlook

OCPP 1.6 has been the de facto standard for the past several years and remains the dominant protocol in use. As of the mid-2020s, an overwhelming majority of public and commercial EV charging stations run on OCPP 1.6J (). Virtually all major charger manufacturers and network operators support it, ensuring multi-vendor interoperability out of the box. This widespread adoption means any new charger or back-end software today almost always includes OCPP 1.6 support by default, and many government and utility programs have relied on OCPP 1.6 to ensure openness.

OCPP 2.0.1, by contrast, is still in the early stages of industry uptake. The Open Charge Alliance and its members view OCPP 2.0.1 as the future standard and have begun certifying products for compliance (there is now an official OCPP 2.0.1 certification program). Some leading charging platforms and hardware have already achieved OCPP 2.0.1 certification – for example, EV Connect’s software platform was certified for OCPP 2.0.1 in 2025, covering both the core and security profiles. In 2024, OCPP 2.0.1 was officially approved as an IEC international standard, which is expected to accelerate its adoption. Leading hardware manufacturers are also gearing up; for example, Blink Charging’s new fast charger models (EQ 200 series) are advertised as OCPP 2.0-ready with Plug&Charge and V2G support.

During this transition, many networks will operate a mix of OCPP 1.6 and OCPP 2.0.1 chargers. Since the two versions are not compatible, operators may need to maintain parallel support for both protocols or update systems to handle both (). We are already seeing this: a charging service provider might continue using OCPP 1.6 for existing stations, while deploying OCPP 2.0.1 at new sites (and ensuring their back-end can communicate with both). Over time, as older equipment is retired and new projects specify OCPP 2.0.1 for future-proofing, the balance will shift. The industry consensus is that OCPP 1.6 will remain prevalent in the near term due to the large installed base, but OCPP 2.0.1 is “on its way to replace OCPP 1.6 as the new industry standard” in the coming years. Manufacturers and charging service providers are therefore planning for OCPP 2.0.1 now, in order to leverage its advanced features and ensure long-term compatibility with evolving EV and grid technologies.

Use Cases and Deployment Considerations

When to Use OCPP 1.6:

Basic charging operations: Small or straightforward deployments (workplaces, retail parking, etc.) that only need standard charging, authentication, and billing can rely on OCPP 1.6’s core functions. It covers all the essential features required for a simple EV charging service.
Interoperability with existing systems: If you need to integrate with an existing network or roaming platform that predominantly uses OCPP 1.6, sticking with 1.6 ensures immediate compatibility and avoids any integration hurdles.
Legacy hardware constraints: Older chargers that cannot support the newer OCPP 2.0.1 firmware (due to limited memory or processing power) () should remain on OCPP 1.6 until they are upgraded or replaced. It’s better to have a stable 1.6 setup than to overload an older device with 2.0 it cannot handle.
Current compliance requirements: If project or funding requirements are satisfied by OCPP 1.6 (and do not demand OCPP 2.0 features), using 1.6 may be sufficient in the near term. Many programs in 2023-2024 still accepted OCPP 1.6 as it was the proven standard.

When to Use OCPP 2.0.1:

Advanced features (Plug & Charge, V2G): To offer Plug & Charge capability (seamless EV authentication/payment via ISO 15118) or vehicle-to-grid services, OCPP 2.0.1 is required. These scenarios are not supported in 1.6 and are fully enabled by OCPP 2.0.1’s extended feature set ().
Dynamic energy management: For sites that will perform real-time load balancing or respond to energy price signals and grid demands, OCPP 2.0.1 provides the necessary smart charging controls that 1.6 lacks. For example, a fleet depot managing demand charges or a solar-equipped charging hub will benefit from 2.0’s dynamic profiles.
High-security environments: If you need strong security (e.g., mutual authentication with digital certificates, compliance with strict cybersecurity mandates), OCPP 2.0.1’s security profiles cover this out of the box. With 1.6 you would need external VPNs or custom security layers to approximate the same level.
Future-proofing new stations: For new installations expected to operate for many years, adopting OCPP 2.0.1 now will prevent costly upgrades later. It ensures the station will be compatible with the evolving ecosystem and upcoming requirements, since OCPP 1.6 may be phased out or lack new features down the road.

Many organizations use a hybrid strategy during this transition period: maintaining OCPP 1.6 on existing chargers while deploying OCPP 2.0.1 on new units. Some charge point management systems and hardware even support both protocols simultaneously, easing migration. This approach allows immediate use of OCPP 2.0.1’s benefits on capable hardware without stranding the installed base of OCPP 1.6 stations . It provides a pragmatic path: continue leveraging what works today with 1.6, while gradually moving into the future with 2.0.1 as new infrastructure comes online.

Conclusion

Ultimately, choosing OCPP 1.6 vs OCPP 2.0.1 is about selecting the protocol that fits your context and goals. OCPP 1.6 delivers proven stability and broad compatibility, whereas OCPP 2.0.1 provides the advanced capabilities needed for the next era of EV charging. In practice, many organizations will support both in the near term. Looking ahead – with more EVs on the road, higher charging power levels, and deeper integration with energy grids – OCPP 2.0.1 is likely to become the backbone of future EV charging networks. Investing in it today means gaining scalability, enhanced security, and new functionalities that improve flexibility and user experience in the long run. Staying informed about OCPP developments will help EV charger manufacturers and charging service providers make optimal decisions in this rapidly evolving industry.

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